Nature Bulletin No. 303-A   April 20, 1968
Forest Preserve District of Cook County
Richard B. Ogilvie, President
Roland F. Eisenbeis, Supt. of Conservation

****:THE TULIP TREE

One of the most magnificent and valuable trees in North America is the 
Tulip Tree -- the state tree of Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee and North 
Carolina. The paper or canoe birch of the north woods, because of its 
white bark and dainty leaves, is often called "the lady of the forest", but 
the "gentleman of the forest" -- and a gentleman of distinction -- is the 
tulip tree. It is the tallest of our native broad-leaved trees and, with the 
exception of the sycamore, the largest. Its clean straight trunk, often 
free from any branches for two-thirds of its total height, towers aloft 
like a Corinthian column. In the spring it has showy tulip-like flowers. 
Every feature of this tree is unusual.

Many millions of years ago when the earth's climate was warmer, the 
tulip tree and at least 15 close relatives were widely distributed over the 
northern hemisphere as far as what we call the Arctic Zone. Today, 
except for a similar species in central China, it is found only in southern 
Ontario and the eastern third of the United States from the Gulf coast to 
Rhode Island and southern Michigan. There are only a few west of the 
Mississippi, and in Illinois it is found mostly in the southern counties 
along "the Big River", the Ohio and the Wabash. There are some big 
tulip trees in Turkey Run and Spring Mill State Parks in Indiana. In 
Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia and Alabama, where the greatest 
stands remain, many attain diameters of 3 or 4 feet and heights up to 
150 feet. There are records of tulip trees that were 200 feet tall and 
more than 12 feet in diameter but, except possibly in the Great Smoky 
Mountains, no such giants exist today.

The tulip tree requires deep rich soil, moist but well-drained, and much 
of the finest timber was cut by pioneers because it was sure evidence of 
good farmland. It was called the "canoe tree" and used for their dugout 
canoes, or to help float rafts of heavy oak and walnut logs, because its 
wood is very light and very soft. The clear white sapwood and the 
greenish-yellow heartwood are easily worked or bent, do not shrink or 
warp much, take nails without splitting, take paint or glue better than 
any other native tree, and are very durable. Consequently, 
"Whitewood", as it was also known, had innumerable uses: joints, 
rafters, weather boarding and shingles in colonial homes; log cabins; 
dishes and bawls; buckets, mangers and watering troughs; wooden 
pumps and pipes, tobacco hogsheads with hoops of oak or hickory; and, 
later, wagon beds and the bodies of carriages and buggies.

Today, yellow poplar or tulip poplar, as it is known in the lumber trade, 
still has many, many uses but it is high-priced and scarce. It is not a 
poplar, although its leaves have long slender petioles and flutter in the 
breeze. It is a member of the Magnolia Family. The Large Tulip-like 
flowers have 3 drooping sepals and six erect creamy petals that form "a 
golden chalice splashed with orange at the base" These are followed by 
cone-like fruits, 2 to 3 inches long but not red like the magnolia, each 
containing a number of overlapping winged seeds. After the seeds fall, 
the central spike of the cone, with a cup-shaped ring at the bottom, 
stands upright on the twig like a candleholder -- all winter.

The large reddish winter buds, flattened and "duck-billed", are unique. 
The leaves, 4 to 6 inches long and wide, are also distinctive. They turn 
bright yellow in autumn and have 4 pointed lobes as a rule, but the 
upper two give the end of the leaf a flat or a saddle-shaped appearance. 
Because it requires such good soil and is subject to storm damage, the 
tulip tree is not recommended for city streets but its ornamental 
appearance makes it desirable for parks and suburban homes.

Like most Hoosiers, it feels more at home in the country.