Nature Bulletin No. 217-A   February 12, 1966
Forest Preserve District of Cook County
Seymour Simon, President
Roland F. Eisenbeis, Supt. of Conservation

****:USEFUL BACTERIA

Most of us think of bacteria as "germs" -- unseen threats to our health 
and welfare. But for each of the few disease-producing kinds which 
can live in the human body, there are hundreds of others upon which 
we depend for our very existence. Bacteria help us digest our food. 
Without bacteria we would have no food.

They belong to the vegetable world, being minute one-celled colorless 
plants so small that the dot over this "i" can cover nearly a million of 
some kinds. Some are rod-shaped, some are round, some are 
corkscrew or spiral-shaped, some have hair-like whip-like filaments 
with which they swim actively in fluids. Most kinds multiply by 
simply splitting in two: each bacterium dividing into two equal 
"daughter" bacteria every 20 or 30 minutes, under favorable 
conditions. Though microscopic in size, they can multiply so fast that, 
after a day and a half, the billions of billions of offspring of a single 
one would load a long freight train -- if it were possible to feed so 
many. Under unfavorable conditions, some kinds form thick-walled 
spores which can withstand prolonged drying, extreme cold, and even 
boiling; and may lie inactive for days or even years.

All animals depend upon plants, directly or indirectly. Plants depend 
upon the fertility of the soil, which in turn depends upon bacteria. 
Inconceivable numbers of them inhabit the soil -- roughly a billion per 
teaspoonful -- where some convert plant and animal remains into 
humus and plant food, and others make the minerals in the soil 
available as plant food. All decomposition and decay in the dead 
bodies of plants and animals are caused by bacteria and their close 
relatives: molds, fungi and yeasts. Our huge garbage dumps are 
decomposed by them. Our modern methods of sewage disposal employ 
speeded-up bacterial action to rapidly break down and oxidize 
household and industrial wastes. Nothing escapes these scavengers. 
They are in the ground, in the water, in the air -- everywhere.

Nitrogen in the form of nitrates is an essential plant food frequently 
lacking in soils. Nitrogen from the air is inert and difficult to change 
and combine with other substances, but certain bacteria have the rare 
ability to absorb it and change it into forms which other plants and 
animals can use. Some of these nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules 
or lumps on the roots of legumes such as clover, alfalfa, peas, beans 
and locust trees.

Fermentation, as when wine and cider turn into vinegar, is caused by 
bacteria. Of hundreds of different kinds, a few of the common bacteria 
are those used to make rye bread, sauerkraut from cabbage, pickles 
from cucumbers, silage from corn, linen from flax, glycerin, citric 
acid, lactic acid, and dairy products.

Fresh warm milk is an ideal food for many kinds of bacteria, especially 
the common one which causes milk to sour and curdle. Cream so 
soured and ripened is easily churned into butter. Cottage cheese is 
made from sour milk. Most cheeses are made from curds produced by 
treating milk from cows, sheep or goats with "rennet", a digestive 
ferment. The ripening, and the different textures and flavors, are 
accomplished by various pure cultures of bacteria and molds which are 
added to the curd as "starters", depending also upon special conditions 
of air, moisture and temperature. Some extremely hard Italian cheeses 
contain little water and are correspondingly slow to ripen. "Soft" 
cheeses contain more water and ripen more rapidly. The blue-green 
mold of Roquefort is due to powdered bread mold sifted into the curd. 
The holes in Swiss cheese come from gas generated by bacteria.

The bacteria in Limburger are little stinkers.