River Meanders

name         Jack
status       student
grade        9-12
location     United Kingdom

Question -   Is there a pattern for the way rivers meander as
they flow or a reason why they do not run in a straight line down?
Can this meandering be predicted? How can the meandering change over time?
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Jack,

As you probably already know, a meander is caused by the combination 
of erosion and sediment deposit. As a river flows, it carries 
sediment with it. A slight change in the speed of water flow between 
the two banks (this can be caused by anything from a tree fall, a 
rock, etc) can cause the beginnings of a meander. At the slower side 
of the river, more sediment gets deposited because the river will 
have less kinetic energy and can not continue to carry to carry as 
much sediment. On the faster side of the river, less sediment gets 
deposited and more erosion of the river bank takes place (precisely 
because the water is flowing faster).

This effect gets multiplied because as the bend develops the slower 
side of the river will continue to get slower (there is less 
distance for the water to travel) and the faster side gets faster. 
Thus more sediment gets deposited on the slow side and more erosion 
happens on the fast side. The bend gets more and more pronounced.

Sometimes the river may cut through bend forming an oxbow or a loop 
(if the flow is less resisted at the shorter distance).

River flows can be modelled and somewhat predicted. For example, in 
general younger rivers tend to flow fast, have fewer tributaries and 
tend to erode from the river bed. More mature rivers tend to flow 
slower, have more tributaries and tend to erode its banks instead of 
the river bed. Old rivers tend to be associated with flood plains. 
Rivers that flow through mountains do not meander as much (the 
mountains resist bend formation) and form braided patterns instead.

Greg (Roberto Gregorius)
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